The segmentation and paging scheme of x86 processors has been discussed extensively elsewhere (see the OSDev wiki, the Writing an OS in Rust series, or the Intel 386 Programmer's Reference Manual, Chapter 5). Here I'll focus on what the actual silicon does to make it fast.
Real-mode programs freely execute CLI and STI to control interrupts, PUSHF and POPF to manipulate flags, INT n for DOS and BIOS calls, and IN/OUT for hardware I/O. In normal protected mode, these instructions are privilege-checked -- they execute normally if the caller has sufficient privilege, and fault otherwise. The 386 can't simply let V86 tasks execute them freely -- a DOS program disabling interrupts would bring down the whole system -- but trapping on every INT 21h call would make V86 impractically slow.
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